It is a branch of islam which poses problem

Have you had the feeling of living with this crisis financial déclenchantune a violencerare economic crisis, a historic moment

I perceived I events in reverse; I have seen the financial crisis as the result of an economic crisis. For me, the financial crisis has accelerated a visible economic crisis since ten, twenty or thirty years. There are eye focused on inflation of the credits, the "sub-prime", the American crisis, etc., while it seems to me that it is the culmination of a crisis of overcollateralization in the production apparatus. And not only in the car. The application is unable to respond to the offer.

The great historical reference in crisis, it is 1929. Do you agree

Whenever I hear compare to 2008-2009 to 1929, it seems a little short. Of course, there was panic, bankruptcies, suicides in both cases. But, we have to do to a truly global phenomenon. In 1929, this did not affect the world, and all countries were not achieved at the same time. And then it is said that the great depression caused the war and issues arise. It is a total skid... If I see a war now, this is not on this side.

But where you see

I see the threat of aggressive Islamism, which the map is that spreading. There are every day a new case in a new country. It was in Palestine, Egypt... and then in Iran, in the Lebanon, then to Pakistan. Now, it is in Somalia, in Mauritania. The problem spreads. The suicide bombings, at the beginning it was the Lebanon. Now it's everywhere. We always tend to understand historical issues through the power. They do not take power, but Islam is otherwise progressing. That said, I do not think the global shock of civili-ities. It is a branch of islam which poses problem. It's a shock in the religion.

In 1929, historians know ilscomment has lived the événementpar contemporaries

I had been intrigued by what says Arthur Miller, the author of the "Salem witches", which was also known to have been one of the husbands of Marilyn Monroe. His father, Polish Jewish immigrant, who had succeeded as tailor in New York, is ruined by the crisis. And his son tells that he despises this man who says himself be a backfire. In 1929, in the United States, people accused of their misfortune. I have explored what can be found as sociological investigations. More often, the families felt that if it did not succeed, it is that it was not able to. They name-calling. All the years 1939-1940 protest writers are kids whose fathers have gone bankrupt. Women in added her husband unemployed, avachi and unable to passivity.

The way in which the crisis has been handled by policies seem it very different

In 2009, they have raised hopes of international solution. In 1929, it did not all these major international meetings. In recent months could believe that this would change things. But they were words. Nothing has been decided. There is nothing coming.

Much has been said of the return of the State about this crisis management. Pragmatic response or ideological turn, how do you see this return

It is the bankruptcy of the Communist regime in the USSR dismantled all the arguments about the role of the State. It is in imitation of the Soviet Union as the State had appeared in the economy of Western countries. It even had "planistes" in France in the interwar period. There was not this before 1917. This state intervention that led to an economic disaster in the USSR, it beyond all measure décrédibilisé the idea of a rational State intervention in the economy.

That said there are now, as you know, the manifestations of nostalgia in some countries of the Soviet bloc and Russia. The economic system, it was the total bankruptcy, but the daily security of life was a reality, while here it begins to be undermined. In Russia, nostalgia is even stronger as they were closer before power than now. Industrial, Putin, the business, is one thousand light-years from the man in the street. Before, there was the Council of the district, the soviet of the Business Committee, the Committee on this. There were a porosity between the individual and the power. Now, there as here, it is a wall that stands between the average person and the power in the broad sense.

The BRICs concept had great success in the stock market for a time. The "R" of this group of countries which, in the future, must lead to global growth, it is Russia. Do you think that this country you know did a great economic future, beyond the ventede raw materials

Nigeria also sells oil and do not grow as much as the Russia. The Russia produces and sells weapons, nuclear power plants. I you am not even of the artistic field. Who speaks Russian aircraft at the Paris air show Who speaks Russian fashion We still have a consistently negative image of this country. There is no country more than the France russophobic, and this is perfectly understandable. The right was very afraid since 1917. But

the left, it is worse. The Russia knocked all his illusions. It was a model. Disillusion creates resentment. If the Russia recovered at the time of Putin it would be even more humiliating. This French Russophobia is not in England or the United States, because they did not have Communist party hard. I said that I am not Russian, and that I have never been Communist. But I find that it undervalues always creativity and the cultural level of the Russians. Remember, 1991, when the Ukraine became independent. The French press explained how a Ukraine of the Russia was going to develop and how it would be in the Russia. That is what he did, the Ukraine, for twenty years

The former Soviet bloc countries, including those who have adhéréà the European Union, may have regret

They joined the Union for reasons that were not economic. Their fundamental motivation was the absolute rejection of communism and the Russia. Similarly, the Poland joined before NATO. I remember Geremek saying: we, what we are concerned, it is not Europe, is West.

In your latest book on the fall of the Berlin wall, which it will celebrate the 20th anniversary on 9 November, speak little of the consequences for the Germany, it seems to me...

What struck me when the wall fell, it is that it has raised in Germany as otherwise the problem of German reunification, and not the problem of the end of communism. The wall was still the symbol of a bankruptcy. Even the Russians were not seen in the fall of the wall the announcement of the imminent end of communism in the USSR. I quote a few newspapers and Soviet journals of the time, where the Soviet apparatus judge that, finally, is not so bad. For them, this was evidence that the Soviet bloc was on a new path of liberalization.

Same phenomenon in other countries of Eastern Europe

There is a difference between the fall of communism in the USSR and the people's democracies. In the people's democracies, the fall of communism was ardently desired and prepared by any part of the population that was attentive to the slightest sign that showed the possibility of modification of the regime. In Russia, not at all. Reforms of Gorbachev fell from the sky. No one expected that he get a change. In the countries of the East, they first wanted to get rid of the Russians and communism, and after, it would unravel. The Russians, they were absolutely not aware of what is decided. This is a revolution by top which surprised everyone. I was myself quietly invited in 1987 as President of the Academy of sciences of the USSR, where they asked me to a Conference to explain to academics what was going on in the USSR. It is one of the most beautiful moments of my life.

Lately on the resentment you also worked in history...

Yes, I am studying the strength of resentment as the motor of history. Resentment, it is a throwback to the past in the present. Al-Qaeda relied on the expulsion of the Arabs to Spain; for Armenians, is 1915. In France, it could be long Catholic against Protestant. The resentment often result from humiliation. During the revolution, Ms. Roland, the face of the Girondins, is a large educated bourgeois who has never forgotten the humiliation that have him undergo the nobles. Resentment is a diffuse passion as strong as the struggle of the classes.

At the moment, are what kind of resentment we feed the future, in your opinion

The appearance of these fortunes and incredible spike was not twenty or thirty years ago is source of resentment. I remember a survey that showed that at this time that employees felt that their boss gaining 5 to 10 times more than them. They did not know that it was much more. Now, we know. When, in addition, close factories, can only create resentment. There will be violence one of these days. The humiliation that was not the means to apprehend appear in daylight.

Your book ends this sentence, "the strength of the refusal of capitalism that embodied the USSR has not disappeared and its failures have fed a resentment that the programs in all circumstances..."

I noticed that, during the revolutions, initially there is often claims, including better pay. In the aftermath of the October revolution of Russia the living conditions of the workers were not substantially improved but people were more or less satisfied. What had changed was that they had over their plant manager and notables who were the best seats. The need for revenge was satisfied. I think that today ' today there is a little of this. The need to avenge what you humiliated creates resentment. And I think having finished my book on Lenin phrase: "To make a revolution, it is not need for revolutionaries;" It is sufficient to allow the leaders.

The leaders of the regime to be victim of the revolution

Yes, it is the idea that the errors of those who run raise revolts as the action of the activists.

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